Influence of Pre-renal Transplant Secondary Hyperparathyroidism on Later Evolution After Transplantation.

Persistence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common after renal transplantation. Good diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid complications. The objective of our work was to perform a retrospective analysis of the evolution of SHPT after renal transplantation. We selected patients who had received a kidney transplant at our hospital between 2000 and 2014. The biochemical variables of chronic kidney disease-metabolic bone disorders (CKD-MBD) were collected at pretransplantation and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-transplantation. Treatments related to SHPT were also analyzed. Five hundred forty-three renal transplants were included. The average preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) was 241.14 pg/mL, 115.7 pg/mL at 3 months, and at 12 and 24 months postoperatively, PTH levels stabilized to 112 pg/mL. Treatment related to SHPT was present in 27.3% of patients during the preoperative period, 40.4% at 3 months postoperatively, 24.2% at 12 months postoperatively, and 23.2% at 24 months postoperatively. There was a significant association between requiring some type of treatment preoperatively and the rest of the postoperative periods (P < .005). The sample was later divided into 3 groups based on preoperative PTH (1: <150 pg/mL, n = 223 [41.1%]; 2: 150-300 pg/mL, n = 173 [31.9%]; 3: >300 pg/mL, n = 147 [27.1%]) and their evolutions were compared. Higher levels of postoperative PTH in group pre-PTH 3 were observed. Group 3 also presented with greater need for treatment in the postoperative periods, with significant association (P < .05). A regression analysis was performed and found that postoperative PTH were dependent on preoperative PTH adjusted by glomerular filtration. In conclusion, parameters related to CKD-MBD (mainly PTH) after kidney transplant, dependent on preoperative levels and glomerular filtration. Patients with a greater grade of SHPT presented with higher levels of postoperative PTH despite receiving more intensive treatment.

24-Hour Proteinuria Versus Spot Protein-Creatinine Ratio for Kidney Transplant Management in Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND: 24-hour proteinuria (24h-P) has been the most widespread test for clinical follow-up of proteinuria after kidney transplantation (KT), but urine collection is often not properly collected. Spot protein-creatinine ratio (P/Cr) has become the alternative to 24h-P for proteinuria evaluation in many KT units. However, its reliability, equivalence to 24h-P, and prognostic value regarding allograft outcome remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation and agreement between both methods for assessing proteinuria and to analyze which of them is a better predictor of graft survival. METHODS: We collected proteinuria measurements from KT patients in our center. 24h-P was adjusted for body surface area. Pearson correlation test and the Bland-Altman method were used to analyze correlation and agreement. Survival analysis was performed with the use of the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: A total of 8,549 urine samples were analyzed from 472 patients in whom 24h-P and P/Cr were simultaneously measured. A significant correlation was observed between 24h-P and P/Cr (r = .76; P < .001); however, the agreement between methods showed that P/Cr overestimated proteinuria compared with 24h-P, particularly when the latter was >1 g/24 h. The Cox regression multivariate model showed an increased risk of graft loss associated with proteinuria when assessed by either 24h-P (hazard ratio [HR] 6.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.49-17.1) or P/Cr (HR 3.34, 95% CI 1.04-10.7). CONCLUSIONS: P/Cr is an method interchangeable with 24h-P for detecting proteinuria after KT. When proteinuria increases, the P/Cr overestimates 24h-P, even though it also has a significant and similar prognostic value for predicting graft survival.

Prevalence and Survival of Cancer After Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Malignancy is an important cause of mortality in solid organ transplantation. There have been few studies of de novo solid organ malignancy (NSOM) after pancreas-kidney transplantation (PKT). The aim of this study was analyze the prevalence of NSOM and transplant outcomes. METHODS: We studied the development of NSOM after PKT in our center from May 1990 to February 2017. We analyzed demographic characteristics, prevalence of cancer, and survival after cancer diagnosis. We excluded nonmelanoma skin cancer and patients with history of malignancy before transplantation. RESULTS: We included 194 patients who received 206 PKTs (184 simultaneous PKTs and 22 pancreas after kidney transplants) with triple immunosuppressive therapy and basiliximab in more than 95%. The mean age at transplantation was 39 ± 7 years and 74% were male patients. Twelve patients developed malignancies (6.1%). Median time from transplant to NSOM was 6.6 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.2-11.7) years. The malignancies were 2 cecal appendix tumors, 2 hematologic tumors, 2 breast tumors, 1 melanoma, 1 native kidney tumor, 1 brain tumor, 1 bladder tumor, 1 prostate tumor, and 1 leiomyosarcoma. Thirty-five of the 194 patients of the whole cohort died throughout the follow-up, 4 of whom died after NSOM diagnosis (11.4%). Patient and grafts survivals were lower in recipients with tumor compared with recipients without tumor, but the difference was not statistically significant: renal graft survival was 80% vs 90% at 10 years (P = .86); and pancreatic graft survival was 45% vs 70% at 10 years (P = .15), respectively. The mean patient survival time from the diagnosis of cancer was 36.6 (IQR 18-54) months. Patient survival after NSOM diagnosis was 90% at 1 year and 50% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of NSOM in our PKT recipients is low, despite the scarce series of published data for comparison. Also hematologic tumors rate is very low, possibly influenced by age and type of induction.

Donor-Specific Antibodies After Starting Hemodialysis in Nonrenal Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Role of TH17.

BACKGROUND: Nonrenal transplantation could cause a progressive deterioration in renal function until need dialysis. It is important to know if these patients increased their risk to develop de novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibody (DSA) after starting hemodialysis (HD) and if so, try to find the mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this double-phase study, we first analyzed the incidence of development DSA in nonrenal transplant recipients after starting HD by a retrospective study. Secondly, a prospective study was designed to analyze the pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs and the cytokine profile of these patients. RESULTS: Of 179 pancreas transplant recipients, 16 needed to start HD, and 62.5% of these patients developed de novo DSA after starting HD, with 80% of them class I DSA. In the second phase of the study, the plasma levels of the immunosuppressive drugs as measured by a limited sampling strategy of 3 sample time points (C0, C2, and C4) were stable. The cytokine profile showed that there was an increase in Th1 cytokine (interferon gamma of 0.045 ng/mL) and also in Th17 cytokines (transforming growth factor ß >10 ng/mL). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the development of DSA after starting HD in nonrenal transplant recipients could be mediated by Th17 immune response mechanisms.

Klotho Prevents Translocation of NFκB.

Klotho protein is a ß-glucuronidase capable of hydrolyzing steroid ß-glucuronides. Two molecules are produced by the Klotho gene, a membrane bound form and a circulating form. This protein is recognized as an antiaging gene with pleiotropic functions. The activation of cellular systems is associated with the pathogenesis of several chronic and degenerative diseases associated with an inflammatory state. Inflammation is characterized by an activation of NFκB. Klotho suppresses nuclear factor NFκB activation and the subsequent transcription of proinflammatory genes. This review focuses on the current understanding of Klotho protein function and its relationship with NFκB regulation, emphasizing its potential involvement in the pathophysiologic process.

Development of Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies After Restarting Hemodialysis Due to Graft Failure.

BACKGROUND: Incidents of renal replacement therapy (RRT) from renal transplants are on the rise. Some authors have associated the development of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) with the end of immunosuppression treatment (IS) and/or the performing of a transplantectomy. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of transplant patients having high immunological risk who restarted RRT and the subsequent development of DSA. METHODS: We selected incidents on RRT carried out between 1980 and 2012 in our center: 146 cases; they presented non-DSA cytotoxic antibodies prior to returning to RRT. Survival time for the graft was 77.2 months; the average follow-up period for DSA development was 131.9 months. DSA in 76 cases (52.1%). Of 146 grafts, 72 underwent transplantectomy and 41 presented DSA after returning to RRT. In 17 of these cases (41.5%), the development of DSA occurred prior to the transplantectomy. Fifty-one cases of DSA were registered at the date of completion of the IS treatment, and 40 appeared after discontinuation (median 36 weeks) and 11 with previous appearance. IS was completed, with a median of 13 weeks after the return to RRT. RESULTS: No association was found between DSA development and order of graft, transplantectomy, or premature loss of the graft (≤15 months) after the return to RRT. There were significant differences between the number of HLA incompatibilities of the donor and the development of DSA. CONCLUSIONS: The development of DSA in high-immunological risk patients after restarting RRT is not related to transplantectomy.

Tyrosine-phosphatase and glutamate-decarboxylase antibodies after simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation: do they have an impact on pancreas graft survival?

INTRODUCTION: The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with auto-antibodies. These auto-antibodies contribute to pancreatic ß-cell destruction. Tyrosine-phosphatases (IA-2) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) are the most frequently used by clinicians. When T1DM patients develops advanced chronic kidney disease, simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation becomes the best option. However, pancreatic graft survival is limited. The role of the auto-antibodies on pancreas graft survival remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess pancreas graft survival according to the presence of GAD65 and IA-2 auto-antibodies after SPK transplantation. METHODS: We analyzed all SPK transplantations performed in our hospital since January 1990 to December 2013 with at least 30 days of pancreas graft survival. We collected demographic and clinical variables from donors and recipients. Graft failure was defined as complete insulin independence after transplantation. Pancreatic graft survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Overall, 152 SPK transplantations were performed during the period. One hundred sixteen were accessed for de novo post-transplantation auto-antibodies. Also, 17.8% (n = 27) were positive for anti-GAD65, 13.8% (n = 20) for IA-2, 3.9% (n = 6) were positive for both, and the rest were negative for any auto-antibody (n = 63). Kaplan-Meier survival curves estimated a worst pancreas graft survival for patients with positive IA-2 antibodies versus those patients with negative auto-antibodies and GAD65+auto-antibodies (P = .003 and .022, respectively, by log-rank). Mean pancreas graft survival rates at first and fifth year were 72% and 64%, respectively, for those patients with positive IA-2. CONCLUSIONS: IA-2 antibodies after SPK transplantation are associated with long-term graft lost compared with the rest of the groups. Monitoring of these auto-antibodies after SPK may help to identify patients with a higher risk of graft failure.

Outcomes in renal transplantation with expanded-criteria donors.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. In recent years donor criteria have changed to increase the percentage of expanded-criteria donors (ECDs). The aim of this study was to analyze transplants from ECDs obtained at our institution from. 2010 to 2012. We studied the comorbidity of ECD, preimplantation histologic study, renal function, and survival of transplanted grafts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty ECDs (160 kidneys) were analyzed. Forty-nine grafts were not implanted owing to macroscopic lesions (37 kidneys) or histologic findings on preimplantation biopsy (12 kidneys). Finally, 60 grafts from ECDs were implanted in our center. We analyzed the characteristics of the grafts (kidney function, creatinine clearance) and compared the data with a control group of allografts from standard-criteria donors (n = 14). RESULTS: The median age of the ECD group was 72 years (range 65-77). No differences were found in certain characteristics between the ECDs whose kidneys were or were not implanted (hypertension, diabetes, creatinine at the time of the donation or proteinuria). However, there were differences in donor age (75 vs 67; P = .043), increased preimplantation biopsy score (6.8 ± 1.3 vs 4.8 ± 1.1; P = .041), and a higher percentage of cardiovascular disease (62.5% vs 43%; P = .038). Comparison of ECD and non-ECD grafts showed a lower creatinine clearance at 1 year (50 ± 05 mL/min vs 69 ± 96 mL/min, respectively; P < .001) and 2 years (50 ± 07 mL/min vs 67 ± 74 mL/min; P < .001) after transplantation. There were no differences in delayed graft function or graft survival between the 2 groups at 2 years after transplantation (95% vs 100%; P = .38). CONCLUSIONS: We found no differences in graft survival from ECD compared with the control group of standard-criteria donors. The evaluation of grafts from ECD may be a strategy to increase the number of kidney transplants.

Long-term allograft survival after kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Technical and medical advances over the past few years have produced an important increase in the functionality of renal allografts. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with allograft survival 15 years after transplantation in our series. METHODS: A retrospective study of kidney transplantations was carried out at Reina Sofia Hospital in Cordoba from February 1979 to December 1997, with follow-up through June 2012. A subanalysis of the series was undertaken, and Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards model regression used to achieve the main objective of the study. RESULTS: A total of 487 renal allografts with a mean follow-up of 114 months were studied, of which 37% (n = 180) survived for >15 years. Of the 180 patients, the main causes of graft failure were chronic allograft nephropathy in 29 (66%) and patient death in 13 (29.5%). Multivariate analysis identified the number of HLA mismatches (hazard ratio [HR] 1.25, 95% CI 1.01-1.56), panel reactive antibodies (HR 2.61, 95% CI 1.28-5.26), and delayed graft function (HR 11.25, 95% CI 1.33-95.28) as being significantly associated with graft loss after 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: The high immunologic risk of the patients was independently associated with graft loss. Delayed graft function was the most important factor in the speed of graft failure beyond 15 years.

Variations in initial renal transplant function by type of organ retrieval.

BACKGROUND: Numerous factors have been associated with early delay in kidney function and thence the graft survival. However, few data are derived from different types of donation: single or multiorgan. Our goal was to analyze the association of type of retrieval with the early function of the renal graft. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of transplantations performed in the Reina Sofia Hospital from January 2004 to June 2012 from local deceased donors was carried out. We performed a descriptive analysis of the variables and univariate and multivariate analyses with the use of logistic regression to determine the association of type of retrieval (kidney-only [KO], kidney-liver [KL], and multiorgan [MO]) with delayed graft function (DGF) and early graft failure (EGF). RESULTS: We analyzed 287 kidney transplantations from 182 deceased donors, of which 25 (13.7%) were KO, 80 (43.9%) KL, and 77 (42.3%) MO. DGF was higher in MO retrievals compared with KL and KO (25.8% vs 24% vs 20.5%), though without reaching significance (P = .81). EGF at 3 months was 17.6% in KO compared with 10.5% in KL and 5.3% in MO (P = .2). Regarding DGF, in the multivariate analysis, donor age (P = .049) and donor sex (P = .029) appeared to be related to DGF. There were no differences by type of retrieval. Multivariate logistic regression analysis established a significant relationship between KO retrieval and EGF at 3 months (P = .005) compared with MO. CONCLUSIONS: Early graft function at 3 months decreases when the allograft is from KO retrievals compared with MO, probably related to the more unfavorable characteristics of these donors and their corresponding recipients.

Correlation between dual kidney biopsy in expanded-criteria donors and transplant survival.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study the relation between same-donor renal biopsies and analyze whether the score influences graft survival. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed histologic results of expanded-criteria donors and the graft survival in patients followed at Reina Sofia Hospital (Cordoba, Spain) from January 2004 to October 2012. We analyzed clinical and demographic variables from the donors, as well the association between the scores of same-donor biopsies who had different scores for each kidney and the graft survival with a t test for paired data. A Kaplan-Meier with log-rank test was performed between the higher-score and the lower-score groups. We excluded retransplantation and those who received a combined transplantation (liver or pancreas). RESULTS: We analyzed 168 kidneys that had been biopsied, from 84 donors. Of the whole sample, 35.7% (n = 30) had the same score for each kidney, whereas 64.3% (n = 54) had discrepancies. In this second group, 81.8% (n = 44) had a difference of 1 point, and the remaining 18.2% (n = 10) had a larger difference. Both kidneys were suitable for transplantation in 72.7% of cases (n = 40), only 1 in 14.5% (n = 8), and none in 12.7% (n = 7). For analyzing the survival of the paired kidneys there were 48 kidneys from 24 donors with a different score for each kidney. We observed a difference in favor of the better scores, with a difference of 11 months up to the time of the analysis (P = .045). We found no significant differences in the log-rank test between the survival rate for the group with a less favorable score (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.26-95.67) versus those with a more favorable score (95% CI, 66.76-93.03). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of biopsies had a different score for the 2 kidneys from the same donor. This difference was important for graft survival. We therefore recommend doing a biopsy of both kidneys.

Recurrent membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis after second renal graft treated with plasmapheresis and rituximab.

We present a case of a 45-year-old man who suffered from idiopatic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) in the native kidney that relapsed after his first and second renal grafts. The patient was diagnosed in 1990 with lobular MPGN type I, receiving his first renal graft in 1996. In 2001, a biopsy showed recurrence of MPGN type I (rMPGN). He underwent a second renal graft in 2008. In January 2010, he experienced increased proteinuria and creatinine. Upon electron microscopy of a renal graft biopsy we diagnosed a new rMPGN. At the time of the biopsy, complement levels were normal, although C3 and C4 decreased further. We administered 12 plasmapheresis (PP) sessions and four doses of rituximab. Due to persistent renal impairment, we performed a new biopsy 3 months later, showing less severity of the acute lessions. He received a new cycle of treatment (PP+rituximab). One year later, his renal function was stable with a creatinine ranging between 2 and 2.5 mg/dL and a protein/creatinine ratio less than 1 mg/mg. We concluded that the treatment stopped the disease progression.

Long-term survival of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: influence of early posttransplantation complications.

BACKGROUND: Complications that develop in the early posttransplantation period after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) can contribute to poor long-term survival of grafts and patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 86 SPKTs that were performed between 2000 and 2010 in our hospital, analyzing all complications in the early posttransplantation period and their impact on long-term survival in patients and grafts. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 38.77 ± 7.13 years (79.1% male). Of the 86 SPKT patients, 22.1% were on peritoneal dialysis (PD) before transplantation, 68.6% were on hemodialysis (HD), and 9.3% had not received any substitutive renal therapy. The immunosuppressive regimens consisted of induction with basiliximab followed by tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroid therapy. More than 75% of patients experienced an infection in the early posttransplantation period: bacteremia (37.2%), central catheter infection (7%), wound infection (4.7%), urinary tract (14%) and positive abdominal drain culture (45.3%). Approximately one third (31.4%) of patients underwent a reoperation, primarily due to bleeding (21.95%) or infection (19.51%). One fifth of patients (19.8%) experienced an acute rejection episode. The 3-year survival of the pancreas was lower among PD patients (82%) compared with patients who did not undergo dialysis before SPKT (100%). The 5-year survival rate of both grafts was lower among patients who underwent a reoperation than those who did not: pancreas survival rates, were 70% versus 93%, respectively (P = .015) and kidney graft survival rates were 75% versus 96%, respectively (P = .0017). Five-year patient survival rates were also lower among reoperated patients than those who were not (85% vs 97%, respectively), although the difference was not significant (P = .27). CONCLUSIONS: Complications in the early posttransplantation period after SPKT were frequent, increasing morbidity and inpatient stay. One third of our patients underwent a reoperation, which had a negative impact on graft survival.

Impact of recurrent glomerulonephritis on renal graft survival.

BACKGROUND: Glomerular disease causes graft loss in the intermediate and long term, especially recurrent primary renal disease, negatively impacting graft survival. Thus, it must be considered a differential diagnosis in the evaluation of chronic graft dysfunction. METHODS: The objectives of our study were to compare the impacts of primary glomerular disease on graft survival and association with interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IFTA) or transplant glomerulopathy. We examined the influence of the relapse of glomerulonephritis (GN) on renal graft survival in a retrospective study of 1057 patients undergoing renal transplantations between March 1981 and October 2009. Among this group, 128 patients were diagnosed with pretransplant GN by renal biopsy. We examined graft survival on recurrence compared with IFTA and transplant glomerulopathy using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: We analyzed a cohort of 128 patients who were diagnosed with pretransplant GN by renal biopsy, including 28.9% (37) of whom were males. The mean age was 42.04 ± 13.82 years. The most frequent type was immunoglobulin A GN (IgAGN; 31.3%), followed by membranoproliferative GN (MPGN; 28.9%), rapidly progressive GN (RPGN; 16.4%), focal-segmental GN (FSGN; 13.3%), membranous GN (9.4%), and minimal change GN; (0.8%). Among the 16 cases (12.5%) of GN recurrence; MPGN was associated most frequently (n = 10, 28.9%), followed by FSGN (n = 4, 23.5%), RPGN (n = 1, 4.8%), and IgAGN (n = 1, 2.5%). We noted that 11.8% of subjects to be positive for hepatitis C virus; while 3.9% were hepatitis B virus(HBV)-positive. We observed no differences in hepatic serology between patients who experienced recurrence (HBV 6.3% vs hepatitis C virus [HCV] 18.8%) compared with IFTA (HBV 3.1% vs HCV 9.4%). Fifty-one patients (39.8%) were biopsied after transplantation due to impaired renal function: there were recurrences of GN in 12.5% (n = 16), IFTA in 25% (n = 32), and transplant glomerulopathy in 2.3% (n = 3) cases. The average graft survival in our cohort was 8.36 ± 0.59 years. The median patient survival among those who experienced a recurrence was 8.36 ± 1.79 years; 7.19 ± 1.01 years in IFTA patients; and 3.31 ± 0.91 years in patients with transplant glomerulopathy (log-rank P = .06). Upon multivariate analysis, recurrence of GN was not an independent predictor of renal loss. CONCLUSIONS: MPGN was the type of GN that recurred most frequently followed by FSGN. No differences in graft survival were noted between long-term recurrence of GN and other causes of chronic graft dysfunction. The recurrence of primary disease did not worsen the renal graft prognosis versus other causes of chronic graft dysfunction.

Síndrome antisintetasa sin miositis con amiloidosis secundaria AA: una asociación no descrita / No disponible

No disponible

[Complications associated with percutaneous renal biopsy in Spain, 50 years later]. / Complicaciones asociadas a la biopsia renal percutánea. Experiencia en España 50 años después.

BACKGROUND: The renal biopsy is essential for the diagnostic of glomerular disease However, it is an aggressive procedure with risk of complications. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to evaluate the complications directly related to percutaneous renal biopsy procedure in our centre. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed using the data obtained from all patients who underwent percutaneous renal biopsy of the native kidney from January 1992 to December 2008. A semiautomatic 18 G needle biopsy was used until 2004 and thereafter we used a 16 G needle. From January 2009 to January 2010 we prospectively analyzed changes induced by renal biopsy. We analysed age, sex, indication for biopsy, histopathological diagnosis, hypertension, serum creatinine, GFR-MDRD-4, proteinuria, hemoglobin pre and post biopsy. Minor complications were defined as a decrease in hemoglobin levels greater than 1 g/dL. Mayor complications were: need for blood transfusion, surgery, nephrectomy, angiography, embolization, or death. The renal biopsy was performed by the nephrologist with the help of ultrasound. Anticoagulant therapy was removed prior to the biopsy. RESULTS: Total number of renal biopsies were 867. Seven hundred and ninety five renal biopsies were performed between 1992 and 2008. The prospective part of the study included 70 additional biopsies. Considering all patients, the mean age was 46.8 ± 19 and 60.7% were male. There were only six major complications (0.75%). Three of these mayor complications occurred in liver transplanted patients and required vascular embolization or nephrectomy. The remaining 3 major complications were observed in: one patient with liver disease, another patient had trait of hemophilia and a third patient required nephrectomy which after examination demonstrated epithelioid hemangioma. During the prospective analysis the rate of major and minor complications did not change, 1.4 and 2.0 % respectively. Switching from 18 to 16 G biopsy needle did not result in an increase of major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Major complications derived from all renal biopsy during the last 18 years were observed in only 0.75-1.4 %. Major complications occurred mainly in liver transplant patients. The use of 16 G needle provided greater diagnostic yield than the 18 G and it did not cause an increase in complications.

Complicaciones asociadas a la biopsia renalpercutánea. Experiencia en España 50 años después / Complications associated with percutaneous renal biopsy in Spain, 50 years later

Antecedentes: La biopsia renal (BR) es una técnica fundamental en el estudio de las enfermedades renales. Es también el procedimiento más agresivo por su morbimortalidad, por lo cual resulta fundamental conocer sus complicaciones. Objetivos: El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue cuantificar las complicaciones de la BR percutánea en nuestro centro. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de todos los pacientes a los que se les realizó una BR percutánea de riñón nativo entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 2008. Hasta el año 2004 usamos una aguja semiautomática de 18 Gauges (G) y desde esa fecha, de 16 G. Se realizó, además, un estudio prospectivo desde enero de 2009 hasta enero de 2010. Se analizaron: edad, sexo, indicación de biopsia, diagnóstico histopatológico, hipertensión arterial (HTA), creatinina sérica, GFR-MRD-4, proteinuria y hemoglobina previa y posterior a la biopsia. Definimos complicaciones menores como: descenso de la hemoglobina mayor de 1 g/dl y como complicaciones mayores la necesidad de transfusión, cirugía, nefrectomía, arteriografía, embolización o muerte. La BR fue realizada por el equipo de nefrología con control ecográfico y retirando el tratamiento antiagregante. Resultados: El número total de biopsias realizadas en los últimos 18 años ha sido de 867. En el estudio retrospectivo, desde enero de 1992 hasta diciembre de 2008, se realizaron 797 biopsias renales. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 46,8 ± 19,1 años y el 60,7% de ellos eran hombres. Sólo observamos seis complicaciones mayores (0,75%). Tres de los pacientes que las presentaron habían sido sometidos a trasplante hepático, presentaron complicaciones hemorrágicas, dos de ellos precisaron embolización y uno nefrectomía. Las tres restantes complicaciones se presentaron en una paciente hepatópata, una afectada de hemofilia y en la tercera se realizó nefrectomía que evidenció hemangiomas epitelioides múltiples. En el estudio prospectivo (enero de 2009-2010) se han realizado 70 biopsias, observándose complicaciones mayores en un 1,4% (un caso) y menores en un 2% (un caso), datos similares a los del estudio retrospectivo. No hubo diferencias en complicaciones mayores entre la aguja de 16 y la de 18 G. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones mayores fueron del 0,75-1,4% y se presentan, sobre todo, en pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático. Con el empleo de la aguja de 16 G no se observaron más complicaciones mayores y sí una mayor rentabilidad diagnóstica (AU)

Background: The renal biopsy is essential for the diagnostic of glomerular disease However, it is an aggressive procedure with risk of complications. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the complications directly related to percutaneous renal biopsy procedure in our centre. Methods: This retrospective study was performed using the data obtanined from all patients who underwent percutaneous renal biopsy of the native kidney from January 1992 to December 2008. A semiautomatic 18 G needle biopsy was used until 2004 and thereafter we used a 16 G needle. From January 2009 to January 2010 we prospectively analyzed changes induced by renal biopsy. We analysed age, sex, indication for biopsy, histopathological diagnosis, hypertension, serum creatinine, GFR-MDRD-4, proteinuria, hemoglobin pre and post biopsy. Minor complications were defined as a decrease in hemoglobin levels greater than 1 g/dL. Mayor complications were: need for blood transfusion, surgery, nephrectomy, angiography, embolization, or death. The renal biopsy was performed by the nephrologist with the help of ultrasound. Anticoagulant therapy was removed prior to the biopsy. Results: Total number of renal biopsies were 867. Seven hundred and ninety five renal biopsies were performed between 1992 and 2008. The prospective part of the study included 70 additional biopsies. Considering all patients, the mean age was 46.8±19 and 60.7% were male. There were only six major complications (0.75%). Three of these mayor complications occurred in liver transplanted patients and required vascular embolization or nephrectomy. The remaining 3 major complications were observed in: one patient with liver disease, another patient had trait of hemophilia and a third patient required nephrectomy which after examination demostrated epitheliod hemanangioma. During the prospective analysis the rate of major and minor complications did not change, 1.4 and 2.0 % respectively. Switching from 18 to 16 G biopsy needle did not result in an increase of major complications. Conclusions: Major complications derived from all renal biopsy during the last 18 years were observed in only 0.75-1.4 %. Major complications occurred mainly in liver transplant patients. The use of 16 G needle provided greater diagnostic yield than the 18 G and it did not cause an increase in complications (AU)

Corrección de la anemia en pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad renal crónica sin tratamiento sustitutivo: enseñanzas del estudio TREAT / No disponible

No disponible